Back in 380 BCE, in the republic, Plato talks about the existence of objects in the world around us. He states by reasoning through working logical steps, rather than through senses can only then determine true knowledge. However, George Berkeley, an empiricist, perceived the primary source of knowledge is by experience that our consciousness perceives It is claimed the human mind were made up of the mind, or thought. These two distinct substances, are viewed differently by each and every individual will not perceive the same things.
Immanuel Kant demonstrated that there is an external world and it's existence cannot be doubted. In his logic argument, in order for 'something' to exist, it must be determinable in time. However, with the changing environment and ticking time, many questioned on how this would work in the consciousness of the mind. The word 'now', is used to refer what is currently happening in the present moment in time; it is a specific capture point of the continuous flow of sensation and thought founded in the physical object movement of what is around us. This sensation level causes uncertainty to the mind, but also builds up on the existence of consciousness - the substance.
The concept of substance is essential before any experience can be gained of the world. Kant positioned this as 'transcendental idealism'. Transcendental idealism delivers a much more radical understanding between an individual (internal) and the world (external).
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