Causal Explanations

Exploring data is difficult, what is more difficult is the change and gearing of why relationships are to be treated satisfactory with explanations. An explanation is the reasoning behind after thorough investigation, which is being able to answer the "why?". The question "Why?" is an ambiguous on it's own without data and can draw several different answers if the focal question point is not clearly defined. Explanations that start with "...In order to" is more motivational where as "Because... happened first", a more causal expression. If a sentence postulated "Because it is an..", this is more typo-logical whilst another that 'invokes' such statement "Because it is the...". 

Above has now expressed different universal rules dictating various forms of expression. Causes towards "Why?" exist in the world and Mackie (1974) calls this 'The Cement of the World'. This means, they are processes which starts with one point and ends up producing another outcome at a later point in time. For example, X causes Y, and if X changes, then this will produce a change in Y. 

When other various elements contribute and adds together, this will affect the particular outcome, for example, a+b=c, but then a+b+c+d=e. This process is known as multiple causality, however, it should be forenoted that the relationship may be imperfect. For instance, there is a statement that 'Smoking causes Cancer'. But what if, a male never smoked for the whole duration of his life before but does have Cancer?

Multiply Causality means that two or more causes tend to work together to produce an effect. The relationships must be kept separately  It is difficult to control the world and learn about the causes, a casual process is not evidently obviously. They have hidden situations of complexity, and when investigated, each shredded layer reveals a another deeper level of complexity beneath. 

References:

• Mackie, J. L. (1974). The Cement of the Universe: A Study of Causation, Oxford, Clarendon. 
• Morin, D. (2008). Why Did the Chicken Cross the Road? [Online]. Available: http://www.physics.harvard.edu/academics/undergrad/chickenroad.html [2013, 07/02/2013].